|
The Indus River Delta ((シンド語:سنڌو ٽِڪور)), forms where the Indus River flows into the Arabian Sea in Pakistan. The delta covers an area of about 41,440 km² (16,000 square miles), and is approximately 44,200,000 km across. The active part of the delta is 6,000 km² in area. The climate is arid, the region only receives between 25 and 50 cm of rainfall in a normal day. The delta is home to the largest arid mangrove forests in the world,〔 as well as many birds, fish and the Indus Dolphin. Since the 1940s, the delta has received less water as a result of large scale irrigation works capturing large amounts of the Indus water before it reaches the delta. The result has been catastrophic for both the environment and the local population. As a result, the 2010 Pakistan floods were considered "good news" for the ecosystem and population of the river delta as they brought much needed fresh water. The population of the active part of the delta was estimated at 900,000 in 2003.〔 Most of the population depends on agriculture and fishing. Mangrove forests provide fuel wood. Many former settlements in the delta have been abandoned as result of lack of water in the Indus and the encroaching Arabian Sea. ==History== According to some accounts, the Macedonian fleet (of Alexander the Great) anchored itself for some time in the Indus river delta. It was damaged by a tsunami generated by an earthquake off the Makran Coast in 325 BC.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Alexander The Great - Impact Of The 325 Bc Tsunami In The North Arabian Sea Upon His Fleet )〕 According to ''Tarikh-i-Hind'' (also known as the ''Chach Nama'') by 6th century A.D. there existed a port called ''Debal'' in what is now the western part of the Indus delta.〔Haig (1894), p.42〕 Debal also seemed to be the base of pirates from the tribe of ''Nagamara''. These pirates' raids against the Umayyads, and the refusal to redress the issue by the ruling prince, precipitated the Muslim conquest around 710 AD (by Muhammad bin Qasim). Debal remained a port, and the last recorded mention of it was in 1223 AD. By the time Ibn Batuta reached the Indus delta, Debal had been abandoned due to increased shoaling preventing the then-port from accessing the sea.〔Haig (1894), p.47-9〕 During the Abbasids, the caliphate began to disintegrate, and the delta came under the control of the increasingly autonomous province centered at Mansura. The eastern part of the delta was even more independent and controlled by the Sumra tribe until 1053 AD, when the region was brought under the control of the Khilji Delhi Sultanate by Alauddin Khilji. The tribe had several capitals, but none are populated today. In 1333 AD, the Samma Dynasty ruled all of the delta, and established their capital first at ''Samu-i'' (on the south bank of Keenjhar Lake) and later at Thatta.〔Haig (1894), p.72-6〕 It was during this dynasty that the "golden age of native rule" (1461-1509 AD) happened in the delta and Sindh, under the rule of Jam Nizamuddin II.〔Haig (1894), p.82-83〕 From 1591-1592, the Mughal empire waged a campaign to bring lower Sindh under imperial rule, resulting in the delta coming under the province of Multan and ruled by Mirza Ghazi Beg.〔Haig (1894), p.110〕 In 1739, the region, along with many others, was ceded to Nadir Shah.〔Haig (1894), p.115〕 The Kalhora ruled the region till 1783. The power then transferred to the Talpurs until British invaded in 1843.〔Haig (1894), p.123〕 In 1947, the Indus delta, along with rest of Sindh became a part of Pakistan. Since 1957, the Sindh Forest and Wildlife Department has been tasked with protecting and managing 280,580 hectares (estimated 45%) of mangrove forested area of the Indus delta. In 1973, 64,405 hectares (11%) were transferred to Port Qasim. The Sindh Board of Revenue continues to manage 272,485 hectares (44%) of the area. This last area is characterized as "unprotected". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indus River Delta」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|